Subjective Duration as a Signature of Coding Efficiency: Emerging Links Among Stimulus Repetition, Predictive Coding, and Cortical GABA Levels

representation of number in the parietal lobes.Cereb. Cortex, 11, 966-974.Ng, K. K., Tobin, S., & Penney, T. B. (2011). Temporalaccumulation and decision processes in the durationbisection task revealed by contingent negative variation.Front. Integr. Neurosci., 5:77.Noguchi, Y., & Kakigi, R. (2006). Time representations canbe made from nontemporal information in the brain: anMEG study. Cereb. Cortex, 16, 1797-1808.Northoff, G., Walter, M., Schulte, R. F., Beck, J., Dydak, U.,Henning, A., Boeker, H., Grimm, S., & Boesiger, P.(2007). GABA concentrations in the human anteriorcingulate cortex predict negative BOLD responses infMRI. Nat. Neurosci., 10, 1515-1517.Pariyadath, V., & Eagleman, D. M. (2007). The effect ofpredictability on subjective duration. PLoS ONE, 2(11):e1264.Pariyadath, V., & Eagleman, D. M. (2012). Subjectiveduration distortions mirror neural repetitionsuppression. PLoS ONE, 7(12): e49362.Penney, T. B. (2003). Modality differences in intervaltiming. In W. H. Meck (ed.), Functional and neuralmechanisms of interval timing (pp. 209-233). Boca Raton:CRC Press.Penney, T. B., Gibbon, J., & Meck, W. H. (2000).Differential effects of auditory and visual signals onclock speed and temporal memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum.Percept. Perform., 26, 1770-1787Penney, T. B., Gibbon, J., & Meck, W. H. (2008). Categoricalscaling of duration bisection in pigeons (Columba livia), mice (Mus musculus), and humans (Homo sapiens).Psychol. Sci., 19, 1103-1109.Polyn, S. M., & Sederberg, P. B. (2014). Brain rhythms in mental time travel. NeuroImage, 85, 678-684. Puts, N. A., & Edden, R. A. (2012). In vivo magneticresonance spectroscopy of GABA: A methodologicalreview. Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc., 60, 29-41. Rammsayer, T. (1992). Effects of benzodiazepine-inducedsedation on temporal processing. Hum. Psychopharmacol., 7, 311-318.Rammsayer, T. H. (1994). Effects of practice and signal energy on duration discrimination of brief auditoryintervals. Percept. Psychophys., 55, 454–464.Rammsayer, T. H. (1999). Neuropharmacological evidencefor different timing mechanisms in human. Quart. J. Exp.Psychol., 52B, 273-286. Matthews et al. • Coding Efficiency, Stimulus Repetition, & GABATTPR 2014, Vol. 1, Art. 5 • 11 Rammsayer, T. H. (2014). The effects of type of interval,sensory modality, base duration, and psychophysical task on the discrimination of brief time intervals. Atten.Percept. Psychophys., 76, 1185-1196.Rammsayer, T. H., & Troche, S. J. (2014). In search of theinternal structure of the processes underlying intervaltiming in the sub-second and the second range: Theconfirmatory analysis approach. Acta Psychol. (Amst.),147, 68-74.Rammsayer, T. H., & Verner, M. (2014). The effect ofnontemporal stimulus size on perceived duration asassessed by the method of reproduction. J. Vision, 14, 1-10.Rao, R. P. N., & Ballard, D. H. (1999). Predictive coding inthe visual cortex: A functional interpretation of someextra-classical receptive-field effects. Nat. Neurosci., 2,79-87.Rose, D., & Summers, J. (1995). Duration illusions in a trainof visual stimuli. Perception, 24, 1177–1187.Merzagora, A. R., Coffey, T. J., Sperling, M. R., Sharan, A.,Litt, B., Baltuch, G., & Jacobs, J. (2014). Repeated stimulielicit diminished high-gamma electrocorticographicresponses. NeuroImage, 85, 844-852.Sadeghi, N. G., Pariyadath, V., Apte, S., Eagleman, D. M., &Cook, E. P. (2011). Neural correlates of subsecond timedistortion in the middle temporal area of visual cortex. J.Cogn. Neurosci., 23, 3829-3840.Sawamura, H., Orban, G., & Vogels, R. (2006). Selectivity ofneuronal adaptation does not match responseselectivity: A single-cell study of the fMRI adaptationparadigm. Neuron, 49, 307-318.Segaert, K., Weber, K., de Lange, F. P., Petersson, K. M., & Hagoort, P. (2013). The suppression of repetitionenhancement: A review of fMRI studies.Neuropsychologia, 51, 59-66. Schindel, R., Rowlands, J., & Arnold, D. H. (2011). The oddball effect: Perceived duration and predictivecoding. J. Vision, 11, 1-9.Shi, Z., Church, R. M., & Meck, W. H. (2013). Bayesian optimization of time perception. Trends Cogn. Sci., 17,556-564. Smith, M. A., & Sommer, M. A. (2013). Spatial and temporalscales of neuronal correlation in visual area V4. J. Neurosci., 33, 5422-5432.Taatgen, N. A., van Rijn, H., & Anderson, J. (2007). Anintegrated theory of prospective time intervalestimation: The role of cognition, attention, andlearning. Psychol. Rev., 114, 577-598. Taatgen, N., & van Rijn, H. (2011). Traces of times past: Representations of temporal intervals in memory. Mem.Cogn., 39, 1546-1560.Teki, S., Grube, M., & Griffiths, T. D. (2012). A unifiedmodel of time perception accounts for duration-based and beat-based timing mechanisms. Front. Integr.Neurosci., 5:90.Terhune, D. B., Russo, S., Near, J., Stagg, C. J., & CohenKadosh, R. C. (2014). GABA predicts time perception. J.Neurosci., 34, 4364-4370.Tipples, J., Brattan, V., & Johnston, P. (2013). Neural basesfor individual differences in the subjective experience ofshort durations (less than 2 seconds). PLoS ONE, 8:e54669.Tootell, R. B. H., Hadjikhani, N. K., Vanduffel, W., Liu, A. K.,Mendola, J. D., Sereno, M. I., & Dale, A. M. (1998).Functional analysis of primary visual cortex (v1) inhumans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 95, 811-817.Tse, P. U., Intriligator, J., Rivest, J., & Cavanagh, P. (2004).Attention and the subjective expansion of time. Percept.Psychophys., 66, 1171-1189.Tucci, V., Buhusi, C. V., Gallistel, C. R., Meck, W. H. (2014).Towards an integrated understanding of the biology oftiming. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B., 369, 20120470.Ulrich, R., Nitschke, J., & Rammsayer, T. (2006). Perceivedduration of expected and unexpected stimuli. Psychol.Res., 70, 77-87.van Loon, A. M., Knapen, T., Scholte, H. S., St. John-Saaltink, E., Donner, T. H., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2013).GABA shapes the dynamics of bistable perception. Curr.Biol., 23, 823-827.van Loon, A. M., Scholte, H. S., van Gaal, S., van der Hoort,B. J. J., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2012). GABAA agonist reducesvisual awareness: A masking-EEG experiment. J. Cogn.Neurosci., 24, 965-974. van Rijn, H., Gu, B.-M., & Meck, W. H. (2014). Dedicatedclock/timing-circuit theories of interval timing andtimed behavior. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 829, 75-99. van Rijn, H., Kononowicz, T. W., Meck, W. H., Ng, K. K., & Penney, T. B. (2011). Contingent negative variation andits relation to time estimation: A theoretical evaluation.Front. Integr. Neurosci., 5:91. van Rijn, H., & Taatgen, N. A. (2008). Timing of multipleoverlapping intervals: How many clocks do we have? Acta Psychol. (Amst.), 129, 365-375.Wacongne, C., Labyt, E., van Wassenhove, V., Bekinschtein, T., Naccache, L., & Dehaene, S. (2011).Evidence for a hierarchy of predictions and predictionerrors in human cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 108,20754-20759.Walsh, V. (2003). A theory of magnitude: Common cortical metrics of time, space, and quantity. Trends Cogn. Sci., 7,